Inherited susceptibility to disease. Virology and oncology;
hepatitis B virus and the prevention of primary cancer of
the liver. Vaccine against hepatitis B Retroviruses in
cancer and other diseases. Antiviral compounds;
anthropology (indigenous medical systems and population
genetics of humans and viruses) Astrobiology.

1951~1953 Bellevue Hospital, N.Y. Intern & Assistant
Resident
1953~1955 Columbia Presbyterian Medical Center,
Clinical Fellow
1957~1964 National Institute of Health(NIH) 연구원
1964~1989 Associate Director for Clinical Research
1972 Trinity College 방문교수
1972~ University of Pennsylvania 교수
1975~ National Academy of Sciences 회원
1989~1994 Master of Balliol College, Oxford University
2000~2001 Senior Advisor to the Administrator of NASA
1999~2002 Director of the National Aeronautics and Space
Administration (NASA) Astrobiology Institute

1976 노벨의학생리학상